The Doctrine of the Mean Passage 29
子曰:「愚而好自用,賤而好自專,生乎今之世,反古之道。如此者,災及其身者也。」非天子,不議禮,不制度,不考文。今天下車同軌,書同文,行同倫。雖有其位,苟無其德,不敢作禮樂焉;雖有其德,苟無其位,亦不敢作禮樂焉。
The Master said, Let a man who is ignorant be fond of using his own judgment; let a man without rank be fond of assuming a directing power to himself; let a man who is living in the present age go back to the ways of antiquity;-on the persons of all who act thus calamities will be sure to come. To no one but the Son of Heaven does it belong to order ceremonies, to fix the measures, and to determine the written characters. Now over the kingdom, carriages have all wheels, of the-same size; all writing is with the same characters; and for conduct there are the same rules. One may occupy the throne, but if he have not the proper virtue, he may not dare to make ceremonies or music. One may have the virtue, but if he do not occupy the throne, he may not presume to make ceremonies or music.
English: James Legge (1861), The Doctrine of the Mean, The Chinese Classics vol. 1 (1861); romanization modernized on Wikisource — public domain. Chinese: Chinese text from the Wikisource bilingual edition.
Character glossary
- 子zison, child; seed, egg; fruit; small thin
- 曰yuēto speak; to say
- 愚yústupid, foolish
- 而érand, and then, and yet; but
- 好hǎogood, excellent, fine; proper, suitable;
- 自zìself; private, personal; from
- 用yòngto use, to employ, to apply; use
- 賤jiàncheap, low, mean, worthless
- 專zhuānconcentrated, specialized; to monopolize
- 生shēnglife, lifetime; birth; growth
- 乎hūinterrogative or exclamatory final parti
- 今jīnmodern, current; today, now
- 之zhīmarks preceding phrase as modifier of fo
- 世shìgeneration, era, age; world
- 反fǎnreverse, opposite; contrary, anti-
- 古gǔold, classic, ancient
- 道dàomethod, way; path, road
- 如rúas, as if, like, such as, supposing
- 此cǐthis, these; in this case, then
- 者zhěthat which; they who; those who
- 災zāidisaster, catastrophe, calamity
- 及jíto extend; to reach; and; in time
- 其qíhis, her, its, their; that
- 身shēnbody, torso; person; pregnancy
- 也yěalso, too
- 非fēinot, negative, non-; to oppose
- 天tiānsky, heaven; god, celestial
- 不bùno, not, un-; negative prefix
- 議yìto consult, to talk over; to criticize,
- 禮lǐcourtesy, manners, social customs
- 制zhìsystem; to establish; to manufacture; to
- 度dùdegree, system; manner; to consider
- 考kǎoto test, to investigate, to examine
- 文wénculture, literature, writing
- 下xiàbelow, underneath; inferior; to bring do
- 車chēcart, vehicle; to move in a cart
- 同tóngsame, similar; together with, alike
- 軌guǐtrack, rut, path
- 書shūbook, letter, document; writing
- 行xíngto go, to walk, to move; professional
- 倫lúnhuman relationships; society
- 雖suīalthough, even though
- 有yǒuto have, to own, to possess; to exist
- 位wèiseat, throne; rank, status; position, lo
- 苟gǒucareless, frivolous, illicit; but, if on
- 無wúno, not; lacking, -less
- 德déethics, morality; compassion, kindness
- 敢gǎnbold, brave; to dare, to venture
- 作zuòto make; to write, to compose; to act, t
- 樂lècheerful, happy, laughing; music
- 焉yānwhy? where? how?; strange; thereupon, th
- 亦yìalso, too; likewise
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Data: English Wikisource (Public domain texts; transcription CC BY-SA 4.0). Retrieved 2026-10-22.